Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Analysing Public Art and Geography The world is ge Essays

Analysing Public Art and Geography The world is getting more and more visual, and increasingly meanings are communicated through visuals ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_18 Rose, 2001 ). It is the aim of this research proposal to outline the final year project that is going to focus on interdisciplinary themes of space, art and gender. It will demonstrate how human geography engages with visual art, and how the research linking the two has expanded over the past few decades. It will show the issues that one may be presented with when researching art. An explanation will be given of how gender and body are viewed in geography. Geography and visual art Geography is recognised as a very visual discipline ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_5 Driver, 2003 ; HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/anal ysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_20 Tolia-Kelly, 2012 ), that extensively engages with our vision ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_15 Roberts, 2012 ), and geographers have long been using various types of visual imagery and objects in their work ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_6 Garrett, 2011 ; HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_19 Rose, 2003 ). Over the past decades, namely since the cultural turn, there has been greater interest in potential links between visual arts and geography ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_18 Rose, 2001 ). During this time the field of research has expanded from looking at landscape paintings from earlier centuries, to analy sing broader spectrum of artistic mediums, both digital and analogue ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_8 Hawkins, 2012 ). It is understood that everyday images and objects that we see are not meaningless and static things, but are imbued with meanings that affect our behaviour and interaction with the world ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_7 Hall, 1997 ). Art in public space The term art' itself is an extremely broad concept, and there are many sub-disciplines in art that can be used to narrow down the research. This particular research is going to be focused on art in urban space. Nowadays many urban spaces are rich with artworks which are done in various mediums, and by utilising various methods. Arguably the traditional form of art in public space is public art. Public art commonly is defined as "either perman ent or temporary artworks, including social and contextual art practices which are commissioned for openly accessible locations, that is, outside conventional settings such as museums and galleries ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_22 Zebracki, 2013:303 )." An artwork may have an intended meaning, a set of ideas or ideals that its author wants the world to receive, and a meaning that is created by the audience upon its consumption ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_1 Baldwin et al., 1999 ). What makes it hard to predict how public art will be consumed, are the diverse publics or audiences that encounter it. A piece of art may be aimed at general public, but when different social groups read it , the diversity of meanings that it actually produces have to be taken into account. Therefore, in this sense the study of public art becomes a study of "the reception of art by [its] publics ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_12 Miles, 1997:85 )." Geography, body and gender Geographers see body as a space. Many quote Rich when he talks about the body as "the geography closest in ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_14 1986:212 )." It is the border between the inner world and the outer world. It is a space that is sexed and gendered, where sex is a biological product and gender a social one ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_21 Valentine, 2001 ). However, more recent academic work blurs the lines between the two, arguing that there is evidence of cases where bodies do not abide by the traditional views of sex and gender ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/ arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_4 Cream, 1995 ), and that both should be considered as social ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_21 Valentine, 2001 ). In social research gender is understood as "social, psychological or cultural differences between men and women ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_10 Knox and Pinch, 2010:235 )." Historically geographers have viewed differences in gender roles as socially constructed ( HYPERLINK https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/analysing-public-art-geography-8327.php \l _ENREF_3 Castree et al., 2013 ). Therefore, characteristics that constitute what

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Cloning Research Paper †Biology Course Essay

Cloning Research Paper – Biology Course Essay Free Online Research Papers Cloning was introduced in 1997 by a group of scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Their successful clone of the sheep â€Å"Dolly† thrust them and the topic of cloning onto the national scene. Unfortunately a great deal of people believed that cloning was morally wrong, and it shouldn’t be performed under any circumstances. Ever since 1997 until the present day cloning has been under a great deal of scrutiny, but scientists continue to advance themselves in the field despite people’s objections. The term clone itself is â€Å"an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.† The form of cloning that scientists performed in Scotland to duplicate â€Å"Dolly† the sheep is known as Reproductive Cloning, which is one of three types of cloning. Reproductive cloning is the most widely known form of cloning, but what is little known is that cloning is used for purposes other than genetic duplication. Recombinant DNA Technology is a form of cloning used to generate duplications of a material so scientists can further their study on that particular material. Recombinant DNA Technology has been used since the 1970’s and is now a common practice in molecular biology labs. The actual process used to carry out â€Å"DNA Cloning† is similar to the process a virus follows to duplicate itself and infect. Only the â€Å"DNA Cloning† process is monitored very closely and is an extremely complicated and intricate procedure. Therapeutic Cloning is the final type of cloning that is currently in use, and is the most controversial of the three. More formerly known as â€Å"stem-cell research† the process that is involved in harvesting these â€Å"stem cells† is where controversy arises. â€Å"Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for 5 days. The egg at this stage of development is called a blastocyst. The extraction process that takes place destroys the embryo (1).† The ultimate goal of Therapeutic Cloning is to one day use those harvested stem cells to serve as replacement cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimers, cancer, and other diseases. As of now Therapeutic Cloning is still in its very early stages of development. The first successful experiment conducted was in November of 2001 at the Advanced Cell Technologies lab in Massachusetts. The goal of this experiment was to take the egg from a woman’s embryo and make that egg the nucleus of the cell they wan ted to duplicate, if the experiment was a success the cells would begin to divide and duplicate themselves. There were a total of eight eggs extracted from embryos and of the eight eggs only three began to successfully divide and duplicate themselves. Cloning of course is not as easily carried out as it may seem. It is an extremely expensive and inconsistent procedure. Ninety percent of the time the cloning process doesn’t even produce living offspring. When a clone is lucky enough to survive birth it generally lives a short and unhealthy life. Scientists have stated that during the cloning process the subject’s immune system is compromised, which can cause a premature death in the clone. Even when a clone seems to be living a relatively healthy life, it will die without any sort of prior indications. This is why several people are against cloning because there are too many risks for the rewards. In fact the government has passed legislation that has prohibited human cloning in the United States based on the inefficiency of animal cloning. â€Å"With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible (1).† Quotes similar to this previous one are numerous and easy to come by. One scientist explained cloned monkey embryos as a â€Å"gallery of horrors.† Assuming that throughout the entire animal kingdom the monkey is the animal that shares the most characteristics with humans it is easy to see that if cloning a monkey creates a â€Å"gallery of horrors† imagine what it would do to a human. The topic of cloning is a very interesting one because there are very few things in the United States that are currently as controversial as cloning. Cloning is also an extremely technical and unpredictable process, the idea that there is much more to learn in the field makes it very intriguing. As time goes on the topic of cloning will continue to become more and more controversial. As of now human cloning is out of the question because the current lack of knowledge, but a few years from now scientists will make several key discoveries making cloning a much more efficient process. With that new found knowledge scientists will be able to make a very persuading case to the House of Representatives concerning the subject of human cloning. Because of the tremendous positive possibilities cloning has the House may eventually experience a change of heart and vote in favor of cloning. The opportunity to have any organ on hand at anytime in case there is a need for an emergency transplant i s a wonderful thing, but at what cost will these extra organs come. This is precisely where the ethical side of the argument lies. Is creating new life, only to sacrifice it later an ethical thing to do? Ultimately cloning, therapeutic and reproductive specifically, are harvesting parts of cloned human beings in order to replace those parts they have gone bad on naturally conceived human beings. Cloning in this fashion should most definitely be outlawed permanently. In some cases it is necessary to take risks in order to reap the benefits of the rewards, but here the risks easily outnumber the rewards. The medical technology of this time is doing enough to save human lives. Death is a completely natural and necessary occurrence. Every person in the world that is under fifty years has at one time wished that all the old people on the planet would vanish. Scientists obviously do not understand what they’ll be doing extending the lives of eighty year-olds another twenty years. The last thing the world needs is an overabundance of old people. Florida is already overpopulated and Cadillac already sold a considerable amount of cars before old people unanimously decided that the Cadillac town car was the greatest car ever built. To conclude my paper I would like to state, for the record, that cloning is for the birds. People live long enough as is, we don’t need to use extraordinary means to extend the lives of people who suck anyway. Work Cited (1) ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml (2) encyclopedia.com/html/c1/clone.asp Research Papers on Cloning Research Paper - Biology Course EssayGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Wars of the roses were caused by weak kingship.In the context of Coursework

The Wars of the roses were caused by weak kingship.In the context of the period c1377-1487,how far does this statement explain - Coursework Example Although this paper covers the period of 1377-1487, a special attention will be paid to the events of 1450-71, even though the other time spans of the said period will be duly analysed as the case may be. To achieve this goal, I have decided to divide my paper into four sections, three of which have their sub-sections. In the first section, I will deal with the influence of personal qualities of Henry VI on the political events which led to the Wars of the Roses, as well as on disintegration of central authority in the preceding years. The comparison between Henry VI and the other kings of the period will be provided with a view to determining the impact of royal personality on political processes of the period. In the second section, I aim to discuss the role of political and blood feuding between various noble houses as exacerbating instability and general political crisis both in the beginning of the Wars and during their immediate course. I will look both at the main conflict cen tred on the leaders of Yorkist and Lancastrian factions and at the different local feuds that led to the situation steadily deteriorating. The third section deals with the impact of the external factors, focussing on the loss of Lancastrian France and the discontents it generated. The economic crisis and the dynastic factor are briefly analysed in section 4. At the end of the essay some conclusions on the interrelation between the weakening of royal power under Henry VI and the other causes of the Wars of the Roses are provided. I also include the detailed bibliography of the subject under consideration after the Works Cited that would provide additional support to the argument that this paper defends. THE WEAKNESS OF THE KING Academics’ views on the personal qualities of Henry VI. There is no doubt that the reign of Henry VI was marked by progressive weakening of royal prestige and authority, which eventually led to the major strife among the nobles of the realm. For instanc e, Wolffe argues that Henry VI’ character was marked by â€Å"perverse wilfulness† and that his â€Å"wilful incompetence and untrustworthiness† made him completely unreliable in the affairs of government (Wolffe, â€Å"The Personal Rule† 44). McFarlane remarks that the â€Å"inanity† of Henry VI in the years of his personal rule was characteristic of an infantile person incapable of independent reasoning (McFarlane, â€Å"Nobility† 284). In addition, Carpenter finds that the period of personal rule of Henry VI was characterised by â€Å"the lack of the royal will at the heart of it† (88). At the same time, Griffiths observes that Henry VI was by nature â€Å"a well-intentioned man†, but at the same time he agrees that the king was â€Å"over-merciful and compassionate to those at fault, yet fearfully suspicious of those who were rumoured to be doing him personal harm (Griffiths, â€Å"The Reign of Henry VI† 253). Howev er, to prove or disprove such claims, one has to look